Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Abnormal Psychology Essay Jeffrey Dahmer was a sex offender and serial killer mainly between the years 1978 and 1991. He is well known for his severely atypical behaviors. Among his outward manners that are recognized as abnormal are paraphilia-specifically necrophilia and sexual sadism. Jeffrey Dahmer’s victims, whom were boys and men, suffered from rape, violence, dismemberment and finally their murders. Dahmer’s slow progression of killings soon turned into an obsession, which would later land him in prison with a sentence for fifteen life terms or a total of 957 years in prison. Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer was born to Joyce and Lionel Dahmer in Wisconsin, and eight years later moved with his family to Ohio. In his younger years, between the ages of ten and fifteen, Jeffrey became more and more antisocial; he was very quiet and socially distant from his family members and had signs of anhedonia (loss of interest in hobbies and interactions with people). Discovered later, this behavior may have been caused by peers at school consistently mocking Jeffrey without him putting up any defense for himself. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay His fetishes and discoveries of unique hobbies began in a biology class in 9th grade where Jeffrey and his classmates dissected a fetal pig. At the end of the class, Jeffrey collected the remains of the pig and returned to the house, deciding to keep its skeleton. Dahmer’s fascination with this initial incident began to grow and carry over to other animals, such as dogs and cats. In an interview with Stone Phillips Dahmer says, â€Å"There may have been some violence involved, some underlying subconscious feelings of violence I just it was a compulsion, it became a compulsion. As this continued throughout his teenage years, Jeffrey Dahmer began to consume alcohol regularly. In the same interview he admits, â€Å"I was drinking a lot during that time and just, I don’t know, looking for some way to find some fulfillment, some pleasure and I acted on my fantasies and that’s where everything went wrong. † Soon, his alcoholism, too, got out of hand and he became an alcoholic while still finishing high school. Jeffrey Dahmer attempted to attend college at Ohio State University, but his lost of interest in attending classes combined with his heavy consumption of alcohol caused him to drop out after only a quarter of a semester. During this time, his parents, Joyce and Lionel got divorced. Jeffrey’s father made him join the Army after dropping out of Ohio State, but after a couple years, his alcohol problem again caused him to be removed. After being discharged from the Army, Dahmer decided against facing his father so he decided to live in Miami, Florida where the majority of his time was spent in a hospital. In 1981 Jeffrey Dahmer was first arrested for public intoxication. In 1982, Jeffrey went back to Wisconsin to live with his grandmother. Late nights, alcohol binges, and belligerent behavior characterized his time living there. His grandmother was tolerant of his peculiar behavior at first, which included several strange incidences: she had found a male mannequin dressed up in Jeffrey’s closet, a . 357 Magnum under his bed, and she could recall many instances where awful smells would waft from the basement. Dahmer once claimed that the terrible smell was from a squirrel that he had caught, killed, and dissolved with chemicals. (Dahmer’s father was chemist, and this claim was made from Jeffery to his father; it seems as though Jeffery told his father so that he would be proud of him). Jeffrey was arrested again in 1982 and in 1986, both times for indecent exposure. The second offense that he was arrested for in 1986 was for masturbation in front of two young males. It was only two years later that Jeffrey’s so-far-tolerant grandmother told him that he could not live with her anymore due to the many strange happenings. Jeffrey was arrested in the same year, 1988, for sexually fondling and drugging a young teenage boy (age thirteen); for this, he was put on probation for five years and for one year he was assigned to a work release camp where he was registered as a sex offender from the incident with the thirteen year old boy. Due to good behavior and a built up trust with the authorities, Dahmer was paroled from his work release camp two months early. Jeffrey Dahmer began killing at age eighteen, which was during the summer of 1978. Since this was after his parent’s divorce, Dahmer’s mother no longer lived at the same house and his father was away for business duties. Jeffrey had brought a man over to the house offering to drink alcohol with him, and when the man tried to leave, Jeffrey beat him to death with a ten-pound weight to the head. Dahmer did not murder again until nine years later where he killed a man randomly after picking him up; Dahmer said he could not recollect anything about this murder. After the second murder, Jeffrey Dahmer’s killings increased dramatically adding two more to the same year (1989), five the following year (1990), and several after that. On July 22, 1991 Jeffrey Dahmer was arrested for the alleged 17 murders (which would later be reduced to 15). Psychological Functioning: Jeffrey Dahmer is a unique human being who struggled with necrophilia, which is having sexual attraction to corpses. Upon arrest, officers found many severed heads, dismembered body parts, an altar made of skeletons, and several corpses. This makes Dahmer seem like a collector in a way, but I think that his collections go beyond what people might consider a just a fetish. Often, those who are diagnosed with necrophilia behave in this was because they strongly desire to have full possession of and control over someone without the person resisting or refraining from being with them. I think this is a lot of what Jeffrey Dahmer dealt with in his life because he confesses it himself in his interview with Stone Phillips saying, â€Å"The only motive that there ever was- was to completely control a person, a person that I found physically attractive and keep them with me as long as possible, even if that meant just keeping a part of them. † Another reason for necrophilia could be a person’s desire for increased self-esteem; being attracted to a corpse was the only way Jeffrey could avoid rejection. As we know that Jeffrey was teased and picked on when he was young and during his teenage years, I think that his murders and necrophilia are related to these difficult times in his life. I think that once he established that he could have control over his victims, he went on a power trip and began to obsess over the supremacy he felt when he was controlling someone. It is reported that during the times that Dahmer was picked on and mocked in school, he never stood up for himself and never fought back. I think this led to an internalization of his feelings. He most likely built up some hostility to those people who tormented him and took advantage of him. Jeffrey Dahmer also began his attraction to males in his teenage years as he reports going to gay bars and bath clubs. The combination of his withheld anger and aggression towards his tormentors and the frustration that came from being attracted to men could have very well led to his outward aggression and finally to his killing spree. When Jeffrey talks about the things that he would do to victims, especially evident in his first crime, his pattern began to develop and it is in direct correlation to these things: he would seek out men (doing whatever it took to draw their attention), he would get them alone one way or another (either by bring them to the house or drugging them), and after having sex with them or taking advantage of them in whatever way he found pleasurable he would kill them. While he found it enjoyable to partake in sexual encounters while them men ere still alive, Jeffrey Dahmer found himself even more attracted to the corpses of those men and he found it fascinating to dismember them and keep just â€Å"a part of them. † I believe that this is where his necrophilia came from. In Jeffrey’s first murder we can see the power struggle where he desired to have sex with the man who wanted to leave. Through his sexual desires, Dahmer channeled his anger that he was being rejected and he lashed out and beat the man to death in the head with a ten-pound dumbbell. This extreme behavior is what leads me to believe that he showed signs of sadism. A sexual sadist finds pleasure in inflicting physical pain on someone and watching him or her suffer. I also can see that maybe Dahmer was frustrated with his sexual desires toward men and he felt his only way to stop this was to destroy the root of the problem; unfortunately, Jeffrey saw the men he was attracted to as his problem and in his desire to eliminate his problem he began killing the men who made him feel this way. In some ways, I am also convinced that Jeffrey Dahmer was competent and could take full responsibility of the killings because of his strategic behavior. His victims and murders were not random. Dahmer was also able to recognize that he was not completely satisfied in his initial encounters with the male species and when those things were no longer enough for him, he started purchasing sleeping pills in order to first drug his victims so that he could then take advantage of them. If Jeffrey Dahmer was not sane and competent than this organized behavior would not be evident in his tendencies. In the interview with Stone Phillips, Dahmer says, â€Å"After the second time, it seemed like the compulsion to do it was too strong and I didn’t even try to stop it after that; but before the second time, things had been building up gradually: going to bookstores, going to the bars- the gay bars, bath clubs; when that wasn’t enough, buying sleeping pills using it on various guys in the bath clubs. It just escaladed slowly but surely and after the second time which was not planned, it was out of control—it felt like it was out of control. The way that he uses his words here implies that he does take responsibility and that he fully knew what he was doing; as he says, â€Å"it was out of control—it felt like it was out of control,† he recognizes that he had the ability to make a choice and he chose to sexually victimize the men he was attracted to and then kill them. I am convinced that all of the things mentioned above lend themselves to his atypical functioning, but one thing that was not addressed was his parent’s role in all of this. Although they were divorced and parted during a time in Jeffrey’s life where he was having difficulties in other areas, I do not think that this was an issue or trigger to any of his behaviors. In an interview Jeffrey actually defends his parents saying that it makes him mad when people accuse them of playing any role in his decisions because they were not even aware of the type of issues Jeffrey was dealing with. From what Dahmer admits, we know that it was a gradual escalation of compulsive feelings that led to his abnormal behaviors. On November 28, 1994 while in prison, Jeffrey was beaten by an inmate and died from head trauma.

Tata Nano Cars In The New Zealand Market Marketing Essay

Tata Nano Cars In The New Zealand Market Marketing Essay Globalisation is the trend which has an impact on countries, organisations and peoples. Global markets help organisations to do their business on a worldwide scale (Bradley, 2005). This report is divided into five sections. In section first it describe about the chosen Indian automobile company which is Tata motors and the chosen product which is Tata Nano car. It also discussed the rate in which the car is sold and who are target customer and where product is marketed. In section second it describe marketing situation about the car. Further, it presents a review of the product and explaining its features as to why the car has to be launched in New Zealand which is the target country. Moreover, pricing strategy is mention which is followed by the promotion techniques. In section third it consists of objectives of it and in section fourth implementation of the marketing strategy is done by analyzing the present marking and giving ideas to market the car. Finally, in section fifth futu re research about the product is carried out. 1. Overview about the company Tata Nano is the cheapest motor-car in the world. It is traded in domestic nation, India for about Rs 1 Lakh (Guardian, 2010). It is constructed by Tata motor limited, the biggest vehicle industry in India. Its chairperson, Mr. Ratan Tata envisions that Tata Nano to turn out to be a peoples car which is cheap for everyone (Tata, 2010). Tata Nano was started in India on 1st April 2009 and anticipated in Indian marketplace by July 2009(Tata, 2010). While launching, it has made an enormous buzz among the Indians. By the initial of launching, it has encountered by 5500 registrations for the car (Tata, 2010). Since from launching, the production of the car is still growing high. Target market and customer If 4 wheels cost as small as two wheels, that would quickly alter among the people. Last year about seven million scooters and motorcycles were traded in India, generally among 30,000 INR to 70,000 INR, about 936 NZD to 2185 NZD (Times of India, 2010). Tata is aiming a cost of 100,000 INR as a single of 100 thousand, by Indian conditions of evaluation or about 3122 NZD at present to replace the rates, for that motor-car. Its impossible that which is affordable in the west however persists three times upper than Indias yearly per capita money. The medium wage for industry employees at Tata motors is just $5500 per annum (Gupta, 2009). There are three kinds of model available of Tata Nano car that are Tata Nano, Tata Nano cx and Tata Nano lx (Tata, 2010). In most of the countries the Tata Nano car is introduced. Here the target place is New Zealand marketplace. So, due to warm climate in New Zealand, exclusive Tata Nano cx shall be launched in New Zealand. The retailing cost of Tata Nano cx in New Zealand will be NZD 5746.90 as a whole. With this price, the focus of the marketplace is wide for the company as the average income of the people is NZD 838.70 per month (New Zealand Income Survey, 2009). So, the company can target the people who need their own transportation facility and desire to have luxurious in a very low cost. 2. Situational Analysis 2.1 Product review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are three variants in the Tata Nano stage: Tata Nano, Tata Nano cx and Tata Nano lx (Tata, 2010) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Exclusively the Tata Nano cx variant could be prefaced in the New Zealands marketplace for the initial phase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Tata Nano lx shall prefaced in the New Zealands marketplace since the subsequent years the motor-car has attained its base expense by minimizing costs on needless luxuries, the fundamental Nano car approaches unless frontage and back fog glows, unless a heater or ambience disciplining, unless anti-lock brakes, single windscreen wiper, manually functioned windows, guidebook steering with nothing ambience purses, small 12 wheels, plastic body portions added with paste besides of more traditional metal and welding and a two cylinder 623 cc locomotive that renders a big highest speed of 65 mph (approximately 105 km/h) (Dhingra,2009). 2.2 Stylish and comfortable The peoples car, planned with a component of mind, has a spacious passenger compartment with benevolent leg gap and head room. It can be contentedly placed by 4 members. 4 doors with elevated seating places create ingress and egress. Length with a distance of 3.1 meters, breadth of 1.5 meters and an altitude of 1.6 meters, with sufficient land clearance, it can effortlessly access on busy roads in metropolises as fine as in countryside fields(Infibeam, 2010). Its mono-mass plan, with wheels at the corners and the power train at the back, facilitates it to unique aggregate of the couple space and the ability of movement that shall group a standard between little cars. 2.3 Fuel-efficient engine The peoples car has a back-wheel drive, all aluminum, two-cylinder, 523 cc, 33 PHS, multi point fuel infusion petrol locomotive (Infibeam, 2010). This is the initial occasion that a two-cylinder gas locomotive is being applied in a car with a one balancer ray. The lean plan strategy has availed to minimize the load that aids to maximize the activity as a whole expended and renders elevated fuel accuracy. Activity is ascertained by particularly planned electronic locomotive administration. 2.4 Environment-friendly The peoples car tailpipe releases the activity beyond the restrictive necessities. In conditions of total pollutants, it has a less pollution than the two-wheelers being constructed in New Zealand nowadays. The elevated accuracy also assures that the motor-car has less carbon dioxide emissions, thereby offering the twin advantages of a cheap transportation solution with a less carbon footprint (Guardian, 2010) 3. Financial Analysis 3.1 Pricing strategies The cost expense is an approximated USD 2,420 that involves importing revenue, responsibilities excise, trades revenue, shipment costs and gathering cost. The retailing expense for the New Zealand marketplace is comprehensive of principle supplements; however omit road revenue (NZD 29.40), listing payments (NZD 62.90), number plate (NZD 21.00) and possession endorsing payment (NZD 21.00), trades revenue (NZD 574.70) that numbered to NZD 134.20(New Zealand Govt., 2010). The on-the-road expense shall be NZD 6624.80.those issues replicate a strategy for accepting a portion from found competitors, such as peroduas paradigm of kancil and viva (Farris, et al 2009). 3.2 Setting the price selecting price objectives Tata Nano New Zealand has a group of three aims in its attempt to place itself in the New Zealand moving marketplace. The aims are: survival, highest current incomes and highest market income. Survival Strong contest from New Zealands latter motor-car producer, perodua for a portion of the moving marketplace chapter for the under 1,000 cc sort shall spur Tata Nano New Zealand to assure that the motor-car expense conceals the variable costs and certain determined costs. In this example, existence is a concise word goal as in the lengthy execution, Tata Nano New Zealand shall append rate such as joined security characteristics to the Nano stage (Omar, 2009). Highest current incomes Tata Nano New Zealand has a group of expense that shall enlarge the present earnings, currency run and continues on asset, later than accepting into assumption the requirement and costs committed. As this sort of little overseas cars chapter has not been absolutely tested by other producers, hence the requirement is alternatively hard to approximate however Tata Nano New Zealand is self-assured of a better acknowledgement that towards the entrance in the New Zealand markets (Times of India, 2010). Highest market income For the New Zealand marketplace, Tata Nano shall execute the marketplace-diffusion pricing that is to group a low expense for a recent motor-car in sequence to lure a huge number of customers and a huge marketplace portion. This shall be finished by accomplishing the elevated trades and their outcomes in low costs, admitting the industry to reduce its expense. The base-expense entrance shall render New Zealand customers with a feasible option to perodua -New Zealand latter federal motor-car. More relaxation is anticipated as New Zealand implements the Asian independent sale domain contract that commits the New Zealand regime to reduce the overseas motor-car taxes (Michael, 2009). 3.3 Total sales estimation The expenditure choice of 100 thousand INR is absolutely moving to create a numerous people that transit to four-wheeler fold and that will burst the requirement (Tata, 2010). The fundamental cause was the certainty that the aim of the expenditure will modify the four wheeler sector. It was chosen to group the organisation with 500 thousands car per year capability and increase upward in levels, with expand of small car in marketplace requirement (Fill, 2006). 4. Advertising and promotion 4.1 Promotion strategies The actual missions are to boost the Tata Nano in New Zealand and to expand the trades periodically. Tata Nano is very recent for New Zealand, they sense new with their recent trademark and procedure of this motor-car. Thus the goal for promotion plan is their objective to build trademark consciousness and procedure/information of this recent motor-car Tata Nano. This is the cheapest motor-car in the world and explodes into the global marketplace in the concise occasion. However this is the recent trademark for the New Zealand, thus it performs the announcement and manages the occasion or operation in adequate information to constitute the better trademark approaches (Gillespie et al, 2007). Trademark consciousness is essential to render the establishment for trademark fairness. The target to build, preference, certainty, and buy a Tata Nano motor-car it can perform the evaluation with other cars that are very expensive. However, company shall convince the consumer that the company will provide a trial to drive the Tata Nano for before purchasing it and will also render its guarantee for Tata Nano (Shah, 2008). 4.2 Promotion tag line Tata Nano peoples car Why we constitute this label line? This is to create that all the New Zealand people to memorize that Tata Nano is for the people. Tata Nano is for security and it can migrate universally by Tata Nano name with the peculiar entertaining for the people, however it just want to wage all of this at lesser expense -pay fewer and obtain more. Along that the people can enjoy their globe size and cost expenditure (Cadbury, 2008). 4.3 Online advertisement Initially, the launching of Tata Nano in New Zealand will be done by online announcement. The company will develop a website for intercommunication with their customer. In the website, the company will upload photos and videos of the car and will ask for the feedback from the customer. These help people to get latest news about Tata Nano and gap for common acknowledgement. More than that, blogs have turned out to be an essential outlet that is routinely updated by online diaries. Blogs is bestowing collectively by people with general interests. They differ in broad and can impact enormous listeners due to numerous web clients to study blogs. The company can constitute the web blogs network and cautiously supervising to determine out what is on peoples mind. This is a cheapest and better manner to construct trademark consciousness (Schmidt Hollensen, 2006). 4.4 Television advertisement Television announcement is very costly however this is the most effectual to carry out the Tata Nano to the common people by showing Tata Nano properties and persuasively explaining their equivalent customer advantages. By lesser announcing spending plan, the company cant perform the TV announcement in altogether day (Srivastava, 2008) thus it can select the occasion time (7pm 11pm) for the announcement. 4.5 Radio advertisement Most of the New Zealand people hear to the radio day-to-day. Presently they have numerous services suchlike as mp3, hand phone and so on, is expedience for the people to hear the radio anytime at anyplace; this is an affordable and pervasive average for manufacturers to build the trademark consciousness by often hearing the announcement and the trademark identity. Benefits of the radio announcement are versatility, fast acknowledge and also more effectual media for reaching teens (Mooij, 2003). 4.6 Newspaper advertisement Along with the radio, most of the New Zealand people also read the newspaper daily. Thus this is better way for marketing the product (Alexander, n.d). Due to it company can obtain wide adoption and better reputation among the local people and it is cheaper also. 5. Objectives The objective of company is to fast-grow and accomplishing the aims for three years of the markets. First year goal is to accomplish 25,000 units of trades acquiring the market and to obtain the highest percentage. Second year goal is to accomplish 10% for expanding in periodical establishment (NZD 20381.00). Third year goal is to accomplish major people using Tata Nano by the end of 2014. 6. Implementation 6.1 Business and marketing analysis Tata motors limited is Indias biggest vehicle industry, with incomes of Rs. 35651.48 crores (used 8.8 million) in 2007-08(Brokersreport, 2008). It is the organizer in marketable automobiles in every chapter, and between the peak three in passenger automobiles with succeeding commodities in the constriction, midsize motor-car and usefulness vehicle sectors. The industry is the worlds 4th biggest truck producer, and the worlds latter biggest motorbus producer (Guardian, 2010). In March 2008, Tata motors adopted Fords UK depend motor-car brands Jaguar and Land rover (BBC news, 2008). As per the Ratan naval Tata (chairperson of Tata team), the requirement for the creation which is similar to Nano that has obtained to perform somewhat for the people of India and for their traveling, unavailability and bad feature of long travel is a general difficulty in India. So with this, Tata Nano is made as a safer mode of travel (Tata, 2010). The following will be key strengths and weakness within the company and describes the opportunities and threats facing Tata Nano. 6.2 SWOT Analysis Strengths The internationalization strategy thus distant has been to retain native directors in recent gains, and to exclusive transplant a pair of superior directors from India into the recent marketplace. The advantage is that Tata has capability to replace the expertness. The industry has a prospering federation with Italian bulk manufacturer fiat since 2006(Marketingteacher, 2010). This has improved the merchandise portfolio for Tata and fiat in conditions of generation and information change. For instance, the fiat polio elegance is started by Tata in 2007, and the parties have a contract to construct a select-upward that was aimed at middle and South America (Yoginvora, 2009). Weaknesses The industrys passenger motor-car commodities depends on 3rd and 4th production platforms, which places Tata motors limited at a demerit with opposing motor-car producers. It is frequently not recognized that in English the term tat implies garbage (Marketingteacher, 2010). Opportunities In the summer of 2008 Tata motors proclaimed that it have profitably purchased the Land Rover and Jaguar brands from fords motor (Marketingteacher, 2010). Two of the worlds comfort motor-car trademark have been joined to its portfolio of brands, and shall undoubtedly to the industry. The opportunity to marketplace automobiles in the comfort sector Tata motors limited adopted Daewoo motors marketable vehicle trade in 2004 for approximately used $160 lakhs (Marketingteacher, 2010). Nano is the cheapest motor-car in the world selling more than a motorbike. The recent and emerging industrial countries suchlike India, South Korea and china shall have a thirst for low-cost passenger and marketable automobiles. The stage of wonderful Milo fuel proficient buses is powered by wonderful-proficient, eco-friendly engines. The motorbus has optional biological grab with booster aid and best ambience intakes that shall decrease fuel expenditure by 10% (Marketingteacher, 2010). Threats Other opposing motor-car producers have been in the automobile industry for more than 40-50 years (Marketingteacher, 2010). Hence the Tata motors have to grasp in conditions of feature and lean generation. Sustainability and environmentalism would imply additional costs for this base-cost manufacturer. This would influence its underpinning spirited benefits. Apparently, as Tata globalizes and buys other brands this difficulty would be improved (Doole Lowe, 2005). Since the industry has concentrated on the marketable and little vehicle sectors, it has to explicit to the contest from abroad parties for the emerging Indian comfort sectors. Recently, in Pune city Mercedes Benz has decided to build 5000 car per year (Marketingteacher, 2010). Other participants of growing comfort cars aimed at the Indian marketplace that contains ford, Honda and Toyota. Growing companies in the international financial system which would pose a danger to Tata motors limited on a pair of faces. The rise in the cost of steel and aluminum is putting force on the costs of generation. The Tatas commodities which run on diesel fuel are turning very expensive for internationally and for inside its conventional domestic marketplace (Yoginvora, 2009). 6.3 Product strategies The product strategy that shall be accommodated direct product elongation that is trading the motor-car in an additional overseas marketplace unless some alteration was made. This is due to the products growth and its cost, constructing alters, or recent promotions (Bhanot, 2008). The Tata Nano cx, consisting of all the characteristics explained in the previous product study division, shall be traded with 3 yr guarantee or 100,000km guarantee, either approaches the initial stage. The company shall preface the Tata Nano lx since the subsequent annum, later than we have found our Tata trademark. The trademark and logo shall be showed on the motor-car as fine as in all trading sectors. 6.4 Branding Brands analyze the resource or producer of a product and permit the customers Persons or organisations which will allocate its problems for its activity to a specific producer. Marketing is endowing with commodities and facilities with the influence of a trademark. Its all about making dissimilarities among commodities. For marking plans to be prospering and trademark rate should be made, customers should be satisfied and there are significant dissimilarities between brands in the product or sustainable sort. In Tata nanos example, the marketing strategy is applied to the companies identity merged with single product names. This companys identity legitimizes and the identity individualizes the recent product (McDonald, 2007). 6.5 Marketing analysis Launching code is very essential for placing that the role of planning Tata Nano and picture to employ in New Zealand in the minds of the targeted marketplace. Launching code is also a single for the promotion plans to construct consciousness, via launching at common midpoint Tata motor shall preface the Tata Nano to marketplace. The company focus on trading operation that shall take position at all the IPTA and IPTS that can manage the convocation, by offering merchandise show and sign; and the people can have the knowledge with Tata Nano by rendering the chances to drive Tata Nano in the campus (Doore Lowe, 2005). For this operation, the title is better outlook with Tata Nano. In their processing existence however they cannot provide to purchase the too costly motor-car; multinational young people just want the motor-car that is under their financial system and by it in concise period for about 2-3 years for their adolescent existence in New Zealand. This is the cheapest cost by o ccasion or operation in the campus (Baden, 2008). Thus it can focus on lesser money team with module particularly these are arrived from New Zealand or India. By the e-mail, telephone, fax, email to intercommunicate with them. Low on historical, more of the Malay or India shall purchase the motor-car in some reasonable cost. Raya with Tata Nano can be the topic for our operation at this era, and boost the Tata Nano as the cheapest and security (Cadbury, 2008). After the arrival of Nano, New Zealand will have the mega trades due to the recent annum in the stop of the annum at altogether New Zealand thus that they have numerous people and shall move for purchasing. The company can manage the occasion at purchasing in midpoints. In New Zealand such as klcc, mid-valley, betrayal and sungai wang by offering merchandise show and sign (Bradley, 2005). Very soon most of the employees in New Zealand shall obtain the incentive in this era thus for buying influence will expand. The company shall perform the road display at each state (altogether New Zealand). The company can used the road display at the midpoint of the market such as the entire marketplace at all the state. Numerous people come to the marketplace for purchasing vegetable and essential entities. Among, them most of are ladies or housewife. Certain of them move to markets by motorcycle or by motorbus. So, they are aim trades for the company (Cadbury, 2008). The company can boost Tata Nano to it such as, Tata Nano is the cheapest motor-car in the world, obtain the Tata Nano to be latter motor-car for their module person particularly for their kids or senior root, simple existence with Tata Nano. Housewife or mother can move to market or anyplace by Tata Nano best than motorcycle or by motorbus for their total day-to-day issue more efficiently. When, the ladies obtain this news, they pass on others very instantly. This will support the company in boosting Tata Nano efficiently in the native com munity. At the road display, people also can obtain the knowledge regarding Tata Nano by having the chances to drive the Tata Nano motor-car. 7. Future Research To be successful, Tata Nano would be required to spend a handful of time in researching its target market. Firstly, it would be required to indentify what information is needed about its target audience, secondly, it is required to collect the essential data and finally to analyse the information which in return would help Tata Nano with its decision making. It is agreed that it is a matter of indentifying and understanding the customers choices, thoughts and behaviors which would play a large part in successfully launching its new product. Using the data collected, Tata Nano would be able to adjust or mould its product to make it most suitable for the customers experience. For the most effective approach, Tata Nano would be required to take a methodological approach to market research including qualitative and quantitative research. A qualitative approach could include the interviews of target consumers to see what opinions on the product are, this is normally done on a small scale to give a detailed response. A Quantitative approach would include random sampling of the target audience in the form of surveys or questionnaires. A mix of both forms of research should give them the information and knowledge to penetrate the market with their new product.

The Psychology Of The Fear Of Crime

The Psychology Of The Fear Of Crime Fear of crime is a very prevalent issue today. Many people in todays society express anxiety and fear about crime, and about being victimized. The level of fear that a person holds depends on many factors, including gender, age, any past experiences with crime that a person may have, where one lives, and ones ethnicity. All of these factors have an impact on fear levels. People react to fear in different ways. Some people try to avoid crime, others try to protect themselves, and still others try to prevent victimization by not possessing anything for which they can be victimized. The fear of crime is a critical issue in contemporary criminal justice policy because of its potential to create social misunderstanding. Although some awareness and concern about crime could be considered healthy or adaptive, taken to the extremes, the fear of crime can impede individuals behavior and affect the quality of life. The fear of crime is one of the most researched topics in crime (Farall 2000), with the risk of crime being seen as one of the most pressing concerns affecting peoples way of life. The fear of crime has social and psychological dimensions that require interdisciplinary analysis. (Helmut Kury, 2008) Not all behaviours indicative of fear, are prompted a by fearful experience. For example, taking insurance, locking the house, the car etc are everyday precautionary actions to minimize ones risk of crime, but is not necessarily provoked by a fear-inciting experience. These safety precautions are taken daily by a vast majority, without the attached emotional fear, just like the precautionary exercise, eating right so as to avoid the onset of ill health. DEFINITIONS The fear of crime refers to the fear of being a victim of crime as opposed to the actual probability of being a victim of crime. Fear, in this topic, is defined as an anticipation of victimization, rather than fear of an actual victimization. This type of fear relates to how vulnerable a person feels. Fear is also an emotional reaction characterized by a sense of danger and anxiety produced by the threat of physical harmelicited by perceived cues in the environment that relate to some aspect of crime (Church Council, 1995, p. 7). Crime can be defined as the breach of one or more rules or laws for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a punishment. OR. An act punishable by law. wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn The core aspect of fear of crime is the range of emotions that is provoked in individuals by the possibility of victimization. There might be two dimensions of fear: those everyday moments of worry that transpire when one feels personally threatened; and some more diffuse or anxiety about risk. Fear of crime can be differentiated into public feelings, thoughts and behaviors about the personal risk of criminal victimization. These feelings, thoughts and behaviors have a number of damaging effects on individual and group life: They can erode public health and psychological well-being; Alter routine activities and habits; Contribute to some places turning into no-go areas via a withdrawal from community; Drain community cohesion, trust and neighbourhood stability. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF FEAR EXHIBITED BY INDIVIDUALS Gender Gender has been found to be the strongest predictor of fear. Women have a much greater fear of crime than men, but are victimized less than men. Womens fear comes mostly from their vulnerability to sexual aggression: women are ten times more likely to be sexually assaulted than are men (Crowell Burgess, 1996). This fear of sexual assault and rape transposes itself onto other types of crimes (Ferraro, 1996). Women do not simply become aware of this fear one day, nor are they born with it; women are socialized into thinking that they are vulnerable to attack if they, for example, go out alone at night. Parents, peers and media emphasize and re-enforce this fear, and women are expected to succumb to it. Age Age is also a powerful predictor of fear but, unlike gender, with age the fear varies from crime to crime. When it comes to age, it is customary to assume that the elderly are the most afraid, and for many crimes, this assumption holds true, such as in mugging cases and break and enters. When it comes to crimes like rape, sexual assault and stranger attacks, it has been found that younger people tend to be more fearful (Evans, 1995). Elderly people have a high fear level in relation to many crimes because they feel vulnerable. This vulnerability stems from the physical and social limitations that elderly people have which renders them unable to defend themselves or to seek support and help. Past Experiences with Crime Many studies have examined whether or not past experiences with crime and criminals have any effect on the level of fear that a person holds, but findings have not been unanimous. Some studies have found no real differences between victims and non-victims, but other studies have documented a difference. In studying the effects of crime on college students, Dull and Wint (1997) found that those students who had been victims of crime had less fear of personal crime, but more fear of property crime, than those not victimized. Certain crimes generate more fear for victims than others. Being a victim of a robbery, for example, generates a high level of fear because it contains elements that cause a greater amount of fear to be instilled in its victims. Robbery usually involves a stranger, weapons, physical assaults and the loss of a fair amount of money (Skogan Klecka, 1997). Burglary, because of its invasion of privacy and substantial amount of loss, generates a high level of fear. The victims who express the most fear of walking alone in their neighbourhood after dark are victims of sexual assault, followed by victims of robbery, break and enter, assault, vandalism, motor vehicle theft, household theft and personal theft. Geography Fear of crime also varies according to where one lives. People who live in cities tend to hold higher levels of fear because cities and other urban areas tend to have higher crime rates than rural areas. Ethnicity and Culture Studies have found that fear levels vary according to ethnic background. While whites tend to show the least amount of fear, the question of who has the most fear has not been unanimously agreed upon. A 1994 British Crime Survey found that in relation to crimes of harassment, burglary, rape and mugging, the Asian group expressed the most fear. The Black group showed the next highest fear level in relation to these crimes, while the White group showed the least amount of fear. This survey also found that for the crime of theft from car, the Black group showed a slightly higher level of fear than the Asian group, and the White group once again had the lowest level of fear. In relation to simply feeling unsafe, the Asian group was the highest, and the White group had only a slightly higher level of fear than the Black group (Hough, 1995). Other Variables There are several other variables which have been examined in order to see if they have an effect on fear of crime. These variables are not as prominent as the ones listed above, but their effects are still worth noting. Factors such as low income levels (Evans, 1995; Silverman Kennedy, 1983), and low educational levels (Evans, 1995) tend to increase levels of fear. Factors influencing the fear of crime include public perceptions of neighborhood stability and breakdown, and broader factors where anxieties about crime express anxieties about the pace and direction of social change. There may also be some wider cultural influences: some have argued that modern times have left people especially sensitive to issues of safety and insecurity. REACTIONS TO THE FEAR OF CRIME Due to their fear of crime, people try to reduce their risk of victimization in three ways: avoidance behaviours, protective behaviours, and insurance behaviours (Garofalo, 1981). Avoidance behaviours are restrictive, involving avoiding unsafe areas at night or certain locations altogether, or reducing social interaction and movements outside of the home. Protective behaviours include obtaining security systems and watch dogs, joining self-defence courses, and/or participating in community programs such as Neighbourhood Watch. Insurance behaviours aim at reducing ones risk through the minimization of victimization costs, leaving the person feeling that they do not have anything of value to be victimized for, and therefore will not be victimized. Neighbourhood Watch was started as a way to reduce crime and fear by involving citizens in crime prevention, urging them to come together to talk about what is going on in their neighbourhood, and to formulate plans and methods to alleviate crime such as neighbourhood surveillance and crime- reporting activities Since the government is accountable to and elected by the public, the government must respond when change is demanded. The government reaction to the publics concern about, and fear of, crime is often one of changing correctional legislation. People get their information about crime from a number of sources, but one major source for information is the media. The media are a powerful way of getting messages across to citizens. Many studies have looked at the way in which the media portray crime and how their portrayals affect levels of fear. It has been found that the media tend to disproportionately represent violent accounts of crime. Concern about crime can be differentiated from perceptions of the risk of personal victimization. Concern about crime includes public assessments of the size of the crime problem. An example of a question that could be asked is whether crime has increased, decreased or stayed the same in a certain period and/or in a certain area, for instance the individuals own neighborhood. BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF FEAR OF CRIME A way to measure fear of crime is to ask people whether they ever avoid certain areas, protect certain objects or take preventive measures. This way, measuring fear of crime can become a relatively straightforward thing, because the questions asked tap into actual behavior and objective facts, such as the amount of money spent on a burglar-alarm or extra locks. However, it is important to note that some degree of fear might be healthy for some people, creating a natural defense against crime. In short, when the risk of crime is real, a specific level of fear might actually be functional: worry about crime might stimulate precaution which then makes people feel safer and lowers their risk of crime. The fear of crime is a very important feature in criminology. COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF FEAR OF CRIME By contrast, the cognitive side of fear of crime includes public perceptions of the likelihood of falling victim, public senses of control over the possibility, and public estimations of the seriousness of the consequences of crime. People who feel especially vulnerable to victimization are likely to feel that they are especially likely to be targeted by criminals (i.e. victimization is likely), that they are unable to control the possibility (i.e. they have low self-efficacy), and that the consequences would be especially severe. Additionally, these three different components of risk perception may interact: the impact of perceived likelihood on subsequent emotional response (worry, fear, anxiety, etc.) is likely to be especially strong among those who feel that consequences are high and self-efficacy is low. Perhaps the biggest influence on fear of crime is public concern about neighbourhood disorder, social cohesion and collective efficacy. The proposition here is that the incidence and risk of crime has become coupled in the public mind with issues of social stability, moral consensus, and the collective informal control processes which underpin neighborhood order. Many people also use the language of fear and crime to express concerns about neighbourhood breakdown, the loss of moral authority, and the crumbling of civility and social capital. People can come to different conclusions about the same social and physical environment: two individuals who live next door to each other and share the same neighbourhood can view local disorder quite differently. Why might people have different levels of tolerance or sensitivity to these potentially ambiguous cues? UK research has suggested that broader social anxieties about the pace and direction of social change may shift levels of tolerance to ambiguous stimuli in the environment. Individuals who hold more authoritarian views about law and order, and who are especially concerned about a long-term deterioration of community, may be more likely to perceive disorder in their environment. They may also be more likely to link these physical cues to problems of social cohesion and consensus, of declining quality of social bonds and informal social control. People, who have the fear of crime, may change their behaviour, prefer to stay at home and avoid activities such as travelling in the public transport due to the potential danger they believe the outer world poses (Garafalo, 1981, Patterson 1985, Hale 1996). Also people may fear certain/specific crime, like some women are afraid of going out in the night alone or going to certain places, for fear of being sexually assaulted. Many studies have been conducted to examine the predictors of fear of crime among adults, but feelings of insecurity among children and adolescents have been practically ignored. The effect of parenting styles on the childs level of fear is enormous. The level of parental supervision, especially fathers, is associated with more fears being experienced by children. Active parental stimulation of participation in organized leisure activities results in lower levels of fear among female children. Parents who focus on independence and autonomy, in contrast, seem to raise children who have lower degrees of fear. Other findings that relate to fear of crime in adolescence, such as gender differences and socialization, media and leisure patterns, and victimization and personal adjustment, are also important. A new University College London study has shown that people with a strong fear of crime are almost twice as likely to show symptoms of depression. The research shows that fear of crime is associated with decreased physical functioning and lower quality of life. The studys lead author, Dr Mai Stafford, UCL Epidemiology Public Health, said: Very broadly, these results show that if your fear of crime levels are higher, your health is likely to be worse particularly your mental health. Of course, you might expect that people who are depressed or frail might be more afraid of crime and venturing out of doors, so we have taken account of previous mental health problems and physical frailty and adjusted for those accordingly. Even with a level playing field, the data still demonstrates this strong link between fear of crime and poorer mental health. CONCLUSION Fear of crime is real and it affects peoples quality of life. It is believed, however, that the series of legislative initiatives enacted in reaction to fear of crime have not proven to be beneficial. Fear has not been reduced and people do not feel safer. As long as fear persists, the public will continue to call for more of the same harsh measures. It is time we took a second look at the limited safety provided by the correctional changes we have implemented. It is time that politicians and leaders stop merely reacting to fear by proposing simplistic, short-term solutions to the complex problems of crime. Years of research have shown that the correctional practices we now have in place are not effective in creating safe communities and simply delay the problem, thereby not reducing fear in the long-term. The public looks to others for help in reducing the fear of crime, but the people the public looks to for guidance cannot always be of help. When the public sees that the police, the government and the law are unable to assist them with their concerns, individuals will often take charge of the situation for themselves. This type of mentality can lead to vigilantism. Suggestion that a number of broad strategies be put in place to address both crime and fear of crime, includes 1) Educate the public about crime, crime prevention and what works in corrections. There are steps that can be taken to protect oneself and to reduce personal fear, but people need to have a better understanding of their risk and what measures do increase public safety. 2) Involve communities in both crime prevention through social development and in community-based justice programs. Direct citizen involvement in justice leads to a better informed citizenry, who then are more understanding of what impacts crime and how to change it.

Essay example --

In comparison to parallel economically advanced democracies, the United States in particular is prone to uniquely adversarial and legalistic means of policy formulation and implementation, constructed by the process of judicial review. With the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, common law, or using precedent as the basis of judicial policy making, has been a staple for American society. This British adaptation to U.S. lawmaking has evolved into an interest-driven persuasion tactic as opposed to statutory interpretation and democratic mechanisms. Americans frequently rely on legal threats and lawsuits, in which the laws that pertain, generally, are more complicated and prescriptive. In idealistic democratic models, the relative institutional relationships among the legislature, the executive state, and the courts. Yet, it is a false truth of the current U.S. governing system, in which author Robert Kagan theorizes is due to the American way of law known as adversarial leg alism. Although a thesis in this form is hardly a new discussion, Kagan’s treatment of it ranges throughout the political spectrum, targeting both the atmosphere surrounding policy making as well as its political actors within. Kagan provides a chief explanation for adversarial legalism as a mode of policy making, implementation, and dispute resolution characterized by frequent resort to highly adversarial legal interests, that conclusively infiltrate American democracy and ironically isolate branches of government, discrediting its merit of freedom and equality. Through this examination of politics, it is apparent that the system is at fault, perhaps inevitably, to the continuously growing problem of fragmented government that align with various other... ... and reform. Yet, it is in my opinion that his article is of such significance because of its logistic explanation of such frequent and high volume Court case reforms. Author Mark Graber in The Lessons of Dred Scott, claimed that decision rendered by Supreme Court Chief Justice Taney in 1865 was unavoidable, simply because the decision was consistent with the times of the era (Graber, p.7). This conditionality of politics concerning political environments is evident in Kagan as well, providing both political scientists and students alike with the knowledge that Courts do and often will act not only for the majority, but also more explicitly towards the persuasion tactics of every outlet of both private and public political participation, which provides a necessary and comprehensive evaluation of the American way of law unknown to many, including myself until today.

The Electoral Systems of Britain and Sweden Essay -- comparative polit

The Electoral Systems of Britain and Sweden The quality of a democracy is regulated by the electoral system that awards seats in democratic assemblies to those seeking office. This paper will compare the electoral systems of the parliaments of the United Kingdom (herein called Britain) and Sweden in order to determine which country has the preferred electoral system. The quality to be measured is the fairness of democratic representation, which is to say, how properly the various public interests are represented and how much control voters have over their government. The first part of the paper will study each electoral system separately, looking at the mechanics of how the members of parliament are elected, what kind of political party system can participate in the parliament, and how the parties go about setting up the executive branch of government. The second part will compare and contrast the two parliaments, and afterwards it will be shown how one of the parliaments represents its electorate more fairly and democraticall y. These two countries have been chosen because Britain?s electoral system is characterized as a system of single-member districts, and Sweden?s system is considered to provide proportional representation, which strives to elect members of political parties in the proportions in which votes were cast. The Electoral System in Britain Voters in Britain elect members of the House of Commons, the more powerful lower house of the Westminster Parliament, for maximum terms of five years. Each one of the 659 electoral districts sends one member to the House of Commons after being chosen on the basis of plurality. Candidates obtain their places on the ballot by being nominated by their party. Frequently the w... ...). "The Election of the Swedish Riksdag, September 2002," Representation. 39(2): 146-156. Kavanagh, Dennis (2000). British Politics: Continuity and Change. New York: Oxford University Press. Mattila, Mikko and Tapio Raunio (2002). "Government Formation in the Nordic Countries: The Electoral Connection," Scandinavian Political Studies. 25(3): 259-280. Metcalf, Michael F (1987). The Riksdag: A History of the Swedish Parliament. New York: St. Martin?s Press. Nation Master (2003). "British House of Commons." St. Petersburg, Florida: WikiMedia. . Nation Master (2003). "Elections in Sweden." St. Petersburg, Florida: WikiMedia. . Petersson, Olof et al. (1997). Report from the Democratic Audit of Sweden 1996. Stockholm: SNS Fï ¿ ½rlag.

Csr Work by Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola India Wins Golden Peacock Global Award for Corporate Social Responsibility Coca-Cola India was awarded the prestigious 2008 Golden Peacock Global Award for Corporate Social Responsibility on Feb. 15 during a global conference in Vilamoura, Portugal. Dr. Ola Ullsten, former prime minister of Sweden, presented the award to Deepak Jolly, Vice-President, Public Affairs & Communication, Coca-Cola India, on behalf of the Company.The Golden Peacock Global CSR Award showcases the â€Å"human face of business† by recognizing the continuing commitment of companies â€Å"to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce, their families and the local community and society at large. † A distinguished jury chaired by Dr. Ola Ullsten, former prime minister of Sweden, selected this year’s Golden Peacock award winners. Presenting the award to the Company, Dr.Ola Ullsten, said, â€Å"Golden Peacock Awards hav e been instituted by World Council for Corporate Governance, UK to create competitiveness in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility. We are hopeful that Coca-Cola India’s effort in promoting sustainable communities sets an example for other organizations to follow. † Her Excellency Ms. Nilima Mitra Ambassador of India in Portugal said that she was very impressed with the manner in which Coca Cola is fulfilling its CSR in India in water management and conservation especially the intervention to ensure potable water to 1000 primary schools in India.Commenting on the Coca-Cola India winning the award, Atul Singh, President & CEO, Coca-Cola India, said, â€Å"Coca-Cola India has always placed high value on good citizenship and has undertaken several initiatives for community development and inclusive growth. We are gratified to receive this global award and are humbled at being recognized for the little contributions that we have been able to make to preserve and prot ect the environment and towards community development. We are also establishing the Coca-Cola India Foundation which will further strive to make a positive impact on local communities.The Company remains committed to work with stakeholders and communities across the country in its bid to contribute to mutual growth and development. † The award recognizes Coca-Cola India’s water conservation/management and community development initiatives. The Company has installed 320 Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) structures in 17 states and has restored several traditional water bodies like the Sarai Bawari and Kale Hanuman ki Bawari in Jaipur and check dams across the country.Additionally, the Company recently set a target to reach a â€Å"net-zero† balance with respect to groundwater usage by 2009 and launched the â€Å"Elixir of life† project to provide drinking water to nearly 30,000 children in 100 primary and panchayat schools in and around Chennai. The Company plans to provide clean drinking water in 1,000 schools by 2010. Coca-Cola India also promotes sustainable packaging through PET recycling and has undertaken several projects in the areas of primary health, primary education and infrastructure for local communities.The Company has undertaken these Citizenship initiatives in partnership with government, NGOs, educational institutions and local communities. In 2006, the World Environment Foundation (WEF) honored Coca-Cola India with the Golden Peacock Environment Management Special Commendation Award for its world-class environment practices. Dr. Olla Ullsten, former Prime Minister of Sweden and Chairman of the Awards jury presenting the Golden Peacock Global Award for Corporate Social Responsibility to Deepak Jolly, Vice President, Public Affairs & Communication, Coca-Cola India.Local community using water from the rejuvenated Sarai Bawari at Amer, near Jaipur, RajasthanA photo of the drinking water project in 100 schools, launched by the Company in Chennai, which will benefit nearly 30,000 children on completion Kaladera Community Recognizes Coca-Cola’s Community Initiatives Rakesh Pathak, Unit HR Manager, Kaladera plant & Sunil Sharma being felicitated by Chhittarmal Hatwal, Sarpanch (head) of Kaladera at the community event Coca-Cola India was recently acknowledged for the various citizenship initiatives in & around Kaladera in Jaipur, Rajasthan.Rakesh Pathak, Unit HR Manager, Kaladera plant and Sunil Sharma, who’s been associated with the company for a long time, were felicitated by the villagers of Dabar Basti in Kaladera. As part of public-private partnership, Coca-Cola installed a new bore well recently in the area to provide water in the houses of villagers. Chhittarmal Hatwal, Sarpanch (head) of Kaladera presented a Safa (head gear) to Rakesh Pathak & Sunil Sharma as a mark of gratitude to the company. â€Å"We are deeply honored by the recognition of the people of Kaladera† said Rakesh Pathak. Coca-Cola India has always placed very high value on citizenship and has taken various initiatives to conserve water the area. â€Å" Coca-Cola India has worked with the government, local bodies & the entire community of Kaladera in the area of water conservation. This includes restoration of Sarai Bawari & Kale Hanuman ki Bawari – historical step wells (over 400 years old), providing water to the people of the community. The company has constructed over 140 recharge shafts in the area. Rain water harvesting projects have been set up in various schools, government bodies & the community areas. No other company has ever come forward & worked towards the welfare of the Kaladera Community except Coca-Cola. We appreciate the efforts taken by Coca-Cola for the conservation of water in Kaladera. † Chhittarmal Hatwal, Sarpanch (head) of Kaladera. In addition, Coca-Cola India has undertaken an annual scholarship program for the students in the nearby villages for the f ifth consecutive year. Amongst various educational initiatives, Coca-Cola also supports ’Aap Ki Beti’ (your daughter) program to provide education to a girl child.Community Recognition to Coca-Cola India Certificate of appreciation given by Cultural Council, Kaladera Community in Rajasthan Coca-Cola India was recently acknowledged for the various citizenship initiatives in & around Kaladera in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Sunil Sharma, who’s been associated with Coca-Cola India, received the certificate of appreciation on behalf of the company from the Cultural Council of the Kaladera community during the celebration of Holi, the festival of colors & joy. I’m deeply honored by the recognition of the people of Kaladera† said Sunil Sharma with his face painted in the colors of festivity. â€Å"Coca-Cola India has always placed very high value on citizenship and has taken various initiatives to conserve water the area. â€Å" Coca-Cola India has worked with th e government, local bodies & the entire community of Kaladera in the area of water conservation. This includes restoration of Sarai Bawari & Kale Hanuman ki Bawari – historical step wells (over 400 years old), providing water to the people of the community.The company has constructed over 140 recharge shafts in the area. Rain water harvesting projects have been set up in various schools, government bodies & the community areas. Sitaram Sanwaria, President, Cultural council, Kaladera Community and a local resident, presenting the certification of appreciation to Sunil Sharma, as a token of appreciation to Coca-Cola India for its community efforts during Holi celebrations, a festival of colors where people play with colors and have fun & enjoyment.The festival aims at bringing the society together & strengthen the social fabric of the country â€Å"No other company has ever come forward & worked towards the welfare of the Kaladera Community except Coca-Cola. We appreciate the efforts taken by Coca-Cola for the conservation of water in Kaladera. † said Bhura Mal Sharma, a 65 year old farmer. â€Å"The Rain water systems installed by Coca-Cola ensure that the rain water goes back into the ground which is very beneficial to the farmers and if we get good rains this year the results will speak for themselves. Said Shri Hanuman Sahaya 70-year-old farmer. In addition, Coca-Cola India has undertaken an annual scholarship program for the students in the nearby villages for the fifth consecutive year. Amongst various educational initiatives, Coca-Cola also supports ’Aap Ki Beti’ (your daughter) program to provide education to a girl child. â€Å"The roads, hospitals, medical camps, hand pumps etc. all indicate that Coca-Cola cares for Kaladera. We are confident that the company will carry on need based developmental programs in future also. aid Shri Bhagwan Sahai ji, a local social worker and leader. The presence of a company like Coca-Cola in the area is a blessing for the local people of Kaladera. † added Shiv Sahay, a 60 year old farmer and a civil contractor. â€Å"The certificate of appreciation that we to Mr. Sunil Sharma is a token of thanks for the relentless efforts of Coca-Cola for the welfare of the community†, said Sitaram Sanwaria, President, Cultural council, Kaladera Community. â€Å"There is no better ways to be recognized for your dedicated community efforts than by the people of the community themselves.Getting such a recognition at Holi, which is a festival of colors and binds people together shows the confidence that the community has in us†, concluded Sunil Sharma. Coca-Cola wins Bhagidari Award- Fourth time in a row Coca-Cola India won the Delhi Government's Bhagidari Award for the 4th consecutive year for its efforts in Water Conservation and Community Development. The award was presented on the second day of the two day Bhagidari Utsav at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi on February 3, 2007 by the Hon'ble Chief Minister of Delhi, Smt.Ms. Sheila Dikshit. We took this opportunity to also present the Water Calendar 2007 to the Hon'ble CM. The Bhagidari Utsav is an annual event to celebrate the success of ‘Bhagidari' – A public -private-community partnership program launched by the Delhi government a few years ago. Hon'ble CM visiting the Company stall at the Bhagidari Utsav 2007 Among the highlights of the Utsav was an exhibition cum display by some of the partners of the Delhi government, where each partner showcased its initiatives to make Delhi a ‘better' place.In recognition of Coca-Cola's efforts in Water Conservation and PET Recycling, we were given two stalls to outline our initiatives in these areas. Ms. Dikshit was one of the first to visit our PET Recycling stall and after being briefed on our PET Recycling program, she urged the Company to spread the awareness on PET Recycling not just amongst the visitors to the Bhagidari Utsav but also among people at large. Our Water Conservation stall was visited both by the Hon'ble Chief Minister Ms. Sheila Dikshit as well as by the Hon'ble Mr. A. K. Walia, Minister for Finance, Planning, P.W. D ; Urban Development, and Delhi Government, who were briefed about the various programs undertaken by the Company to spread awareness and to conserve water. The dignitaries were very appreciative of our efforts. We had showcased a device called ‘Drip Gauge' for the first time in the country at the stall. Drip Gauge is a simple but effective tool to sensitize people to save water. A 3-D Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) model demonstrating the utility, functioning and commissioning of Rain Water Harvesting projects at individual households ; residential colonies was also on display.In addition, people were apprised of simple methods to Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recharge water in their daily lives. Our stalls evoked tremendous response from all stakeholders and nearly 3000 people vis ited our stalls during the event. Of these, nearly 2500 participated in the two quiz contests that we ran at the stalls. Several Resident Welfare Associations and NGOs also approached us seeking our guidance and help for RWH and PET Recycling programs in their colonies. St. Agnes College (Mangalore University) Wins The First Jimmy ; Rosalynn Carter Partnership Award in India from left) President Jimmy Carter, Ms Rosalynn Carter, Dr Sue Sehgal, Founder ; President Jimmy ; Rosalynn Carter Foundation, Sister Carmel Rita from St Agnes College and other members of the College. President Jimmy Carter ; Ms Rosalynn Carter personally presented the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Partnership Award for Campus-Community Collaboration to St. Agnes College (Mangalore University) for the exemplary work done by them in the field of ‘Watershed Management & Development'. The award has been brought into India by Coca-Cola India in association with Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce ; Industry (FICCI).?The coveted award serves as one of the highest recognition for academic-service learning to educational institutions for outstanding ‘Campus Community' Learning programs. St Agnes received a special handcrafted golden globe trophy, a citation ; a cash prize of US $ 10,000. The 2nd and 3rd runner's up i. e. Punjab University for its Literacy Program & Aligarh Muslim University for its Pulse Polio Immunization Program also received a citation and a cash prize of US $ 3000 and US$ 2000 respectively.The winner was selected by the Foundation based on the combined merits of each program out of scores of applications received for the award. Speaking on the occasion, President Jimmy Carter said,†This will be the first presentation of this award outside the United States, and it is particularly significant to me that India is the next country to embrace this recognition of service. Many years ago my mother, who was a nurse and Peace Corps volunteer, ministered to Indian citizens.That experience touched her deeply, and the emotion she felt, and also the love for India has filtered through to me through her recollections. † Also present at the Award Ceremony were Shri Kapil Sibal, Honorable Minister for Science & Technology & Earth Sciences, Government of India & Aparna Sen, noted film actor, director. According to Atul Singh, President & CEO, Coca-Cola India, â€Å"President Carter and Coca-Cola share a strong belief in the benefit of working for the local communities. As an example our Company is actively spearheading water sustainability and conservation programs in India.We have so far commissioned more than 220 rain water harvesting structures in 17 Indian states both at bottling plants and in the local communities. We are constantly trying to benefit the communities where we operate. â€Å" Carter Partnership Awards celebrate schools, communities, and businesses working together to make a difference in the lives of people in need. The A ward aims to be a powerful motivator for the academic community to develop community service programs in their curriculum and encourages the student community to inculcate values of selfless service and empathy towards the community.Other members present at the function included, Mr. S K Poddar, President FICCI, Dr Sue Sehgal, Founder & President, Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Partnership Foundation, Shri Farookh Abdullah, eminent parliamentarian, Naveen Jindal (Member of Parliament) & other well known personalities. Cola-Cola India wins the Bhagidari award from the Delhi government for its efforts in community development The Company has already executed nearly 200 rain water harvesting structures across 17 states Coca-Cola India has plans to undertake 40 new rain water harvesting projects during the current yearThe company is also working with local communities in various states on projects like Paper & PET recycling, education and clean environment projects Coca-Cola India won the â₠¬ËœBhagidari award' on February 25, 2006, in New Delhi, for its contribution in water conservation & environment management programmes and for its contribution to community development, from the Delhi Government. This is the third year in a row that the company has won this award. Mr. Atul Singh, President & CEO, Coca-Cola India received the award from the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Delhi, Ms.Sheila Dikshit on behalf of the company at a function during the Bhagidari Utsav at the Pragati Maidan in New Delhi. Coca-Cola India is supporting several rain water harvesting projects spread across 17 states with nearly 200 rain water harvesting structures. The company plans to take up another 40 such projects by the end of the year. The company is currently engaged in such projects in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.I n addition to this, the company has also undertaken various projects in the areas of Paper & PET recycling and Education & clean environment in partnership with local communities in different states. On receiving the award, Mr. Atul Singh, President & CEO, Coca-Cola India, said, Water is a subject that is loaded with urgency and even emotion. It is a critical global challenge and it will take a wide variety of efforts, most of them at a local level to overcome the problem.At Coca-Cola we have undertaken numerous projects across the country in partnership with local communities for their development and we continue to look for areas where private-public partnerships can bring about good results. We are honoured to get this award and we are thankful to the government and to the residents of the state for giving us an opportunity to partner them in some truly path breaking community development initiatives. The Coca-Cola Company has always placed high value on good citizenship. At th e heart of business is a mission statement called the Coca-Cola Promise.It says, quite simply, that The Coca-Cola Company exists to benefit and refresh everyone who is touched by our business†. This basic proposition means that the company’s business should refresh the markets, protect, preserve and enhance the environment and strengthen the community. Coca-Cola India provides extensive support for community programs across the country, with a focus on education, health and water conservation. Bhubaneswar Team wins 2005 Pollution Control Excellence Award! The winning Bhubaneswar Team with their trophy The â€Å"Pollution Control Excellence Award† for 2005 has been awarded o HCCBPL Khurda unit, by the Orissa State Pollution Control Board. The award went to the Khurda team for achieving excellence in implementation of pollution control systems in the plant and for their constant efforts for protection of the environment. The Pollution Control Excellence Award is a n annual award given to industries that excel in environment protection. Khurda's multiple initiatives – PET recycling, Vermicomposting and Rain water harvesting, in addition to its Environment practices to prevent/control pollution bagged the unit this award.Khurda beat over 20 shortlisted industries throughout the state for the award. The award was presented on the 23rd Foundation Day Celebration of the State Pollution Control Board, Orissa by S. P. Nanda, Principal Secretary, Dept. of Environment ; Forests Govt. of Orissa on 16th September 2005. The Award was received by the Region – Vice President Mr. T. Krishna Kumar. Speaking on the occasion Mr. L. N. Pattnaik – PCB Chairman lauded the efforts of the company in the field of environment protection. Best Organization Award to Coca-Cola India – giving equal opportunity to differently-abled people.H. E Shri T V Rajeshwar felicitating Mr. Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Area General Manager, Hindustan Coca-Cola Beve rages Pvt. Ltd. Varanasi The State Government of Uttar Pradesh, under the aegis of Directorate, Handicapped Welfare conferred Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. , Varanasi with the Best Organization Award for allowing differently-abled people to prosper ; carve a niche for themselves in the professional world. The Award was given by the Governor of the State, H. E. Shri T V Rajeshwar to the Area General Manager, Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt.Ltd. Varanasi, Mr. Ashutosh Bhardwaj, in a function organized at Sahkarita Bhawan, Lucknow, to mark the World Disability Day on December 3, 2005. According to Mr. Ashutosh Bhardwaj, it’s a policy at Coca-Cola to give equal status ; provide equal opportunity to the differently-abled people who are in a perfect physical condition. They are especially trained to carry out certain responsibility. Anomalies should not hamper the growth of an individual. At present, twelve differently-abled people are working as Bottle Inspectors (bott le supervisors) in the unit.The Company shared this award with B. C. G. School for the Deaf, Varanasi. Patna Unit wins CSR Award 2004-05! Saurabh Pande, AGM, Patna receives the CSR award Our Patna Unit has been awarded ‘Corporate Social Responsibility Award' for the year 2004 05 by the J. M. Institute of Speech and Hearing, Patna. The award was given to the Patna Unit for the continued support provided towards upliftment of physically challenged children. Since last one-year, the principal focus of Patna Units Citizenship activities has been supporting the physically challenged.The multiple initiatives in this direction include Organizing Sports for Deaf and Dumb, Cultural Programmes, Educational Trip to Plants etc. The Award was presented to the AGM, Patna – Mr. Saurabh Pande, by the Lokayukth of Bihar, Shri Narmadeshwar Pande in a ceremonial function held in Patna on 24-September 2005, the International Deaf ; Dumb Day. Coca-Cola India Receives Bhagidari Award From Th e Delhi Government -Only Corporate to be presented with this award in recognition for its Citizenship Program- Honourable Chief Minister of Delhi, Ms.Sheila Dikshit presented a Commendation Certificate to Coca-Cola India for its contribution in the Bhagidari scheme recognizing the Company's efforts and contribution towards community development programs. The Company received the award at a glittering ceremony during the Bhagidari Utsav at Pragati Maidan in New Delhi. The Utsav was attended by more than 5,000 citizens of the city. Bhagidari celebrates the spirit of collective responsibility between citizens and Government agencies for improving urban infrastructure and environment. On receiving the award, Division President, said, we are honoured to get this recognition.Citizenship at Coca-Cola India is integral to our business and we continue to work with local communities across the country. Coca-Cola India has implemented a host of citizenship projects in Delhi under the Bhagidar i scheme including: Rainwater harvesting projects Clean Delhi Campaign in association with the Government of Delhi PET and Paper recycling projects in schools Tree plantation drives with Department of Environment Vermi-composting The company had earlier also received a special award from the Delhi Government in 2002 for its active participation in the Bhagidari programme.Government Acknowledges Coca-Cola’s Concern for The Disabled Chennai 16th August 2004: Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. has been honoured as the ‘BEST PRIVATE COMPANY’ in the State by the Government of Tamil Nadu for its contribution to the communities in providing employment opportunities to physically challenged people. Ms. J. Jayalalitha, Honourable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, presented the award to the company at a simple function here on the occasion of the occasion of Independence Day. The Company employs 88 people with hearing and speaking disability, who work as â€Å"Special In spectors† at its Nemam plant near Chennai.They have been trained by the Company to observe the bottles and check for any foreign particles during quality check. Coca-Cola India awarded the Bombay Stock Exchange Award for Social and Corporate Governance 2009 Coca-Cola India has been awarded the Social and Corporate Governance Award for Best Practices in Corporate Social Responsibility 2009. The award which has been instituted by Bombay Stock Exchange Limited, Nasscom Foundation and Times Foundation recognizes and honours organisations for their contribution to society.Coca-Cola India was declared as one of the four winners of the award in recognition of its community development and sustainability initiatives in the four pillars of marketplace, workplace, environment and community. The other winners include prestigious organisations like IT major Infosys, Construction conglomerate Larsen & Toubro and leading bank, The Punjab National Bank. Jury Members of the Bombay Stock Exch ange Social and Corporate Governance Award 2009 at the award presentation ceremony. Harish Mehta, Founder,Nasscom Foundation presenting the Bombay Stock Exchange Social and Corporate Governance Award 2009 to Deepak Jolly, VP PAC, INSWABU on behalf of Coca-Cola India. According to Mr. Atul Singh, President & CEO, INSWABU, â€Å"It is an honour for Coca-Cola India to receive this award for a well rounded effort in the sphere of corporate governance and social responsibility. This is a just reward for all the initiatives that has been put into restoring the growth and image of the Coca-Cola system in India by more than 25,000 system associates and I congratulate each of one of them for winning this prestigious award.Recognitions like these will further encourage us to strengthen our programs towards making a meaningful difference in the lives of millions of people that we touch daily. † This award comes is the third in a series of corporate responsibility awards won by the Comp any in 2010. Notable among these are the Golden Peacock Global CSR Award for the second consecutive year and the Frost & Sullivan Green Excellence Award for Corporate Leadership. Coca-Cola India was one amongst the

Cadence in Shakespeare

Cadence is an often overlooked aspect of writing that is significant in the attempt to understand the meaning of text. The use of cadence is most often only considered relevant in an approach to poetry or music; however, poetic form is used in other genres of writing and is an applicable approach to literary criticism. An author’s intended message is intricately woven into the cadence in which the words are to be delivered. In order to appreciate the words of Shakespeare, in particular, one must consider the implications of intended cadence.Although Shakespeare’s work can be enjoyed through a silent reading, certain nuances of his plays are lost without the aspect of performance or delivery in which the cadence is more visible. In an article from The Sunday Telegraph London Charles Spencer approaches the importance of cadence in performances of Shakespeare. He gets his point across very well by stating that: Anyone who has been to see Shakespeare in the theatre recently will recognize this experience.An actor is â€Å"tearing a passion† to tatters and after what seems like several yards of fraught blank verse, you belatedly realize that you have barely the faintest clue as to what he’s been banging on about. The odd word or phrase sinks in, but even speeches you know well on the page seem shrouded in obscurity on the stage. Luckily this is not always the case. Many of us have also had the pleasure of watching a performance in which the actors manage to â€Å"deliver the verse with such clarity that even Shakespeare’s knottiest, and most clotted passages make crystalline sense† (Spencer).An enjoyable performance of Shakespeare relies on the proper delivery of cadence. The intended meaning can be completely lost if the cadence is not delivered correctly. So how do we discern the intended cadence? Peter Hall, author of Shakespeare’s Advice to the Players, â€Å"insists that Shakespeare himself provides all the clue s about how to speak his verse . . . moment by moment, and line by line† (Spencer). There are many elements involved in determining cadence. Read more about Dramatic CriticismAccording to Hall one must first study the â€Å"mechanics of blank verse, whose unit is iambic pentameter† and in addition one must also focus on the â€Å"structure of the line, scansion, the caesura, monosyllables, pauses, alliteration and rhyme† (Spencer). He goes on to say that Shakespeare â€Å"tells the actor when, but he never tells him why or how† (Spencer). The why or how of delivering Shakespeare’s verse is left to the interpretation of the reader or performer. Spencer concludes this article by saying that:Shakespeare’s text is a complex score that demands to be read as a piece of music, learned like the steps of a dance, or practiced like the stroke of a duel . . . but the paradox of art is that the rules of form must always be challenged in order to achieve spontaneity. Yet they must not be completely destroyed. There is a balance between discipline and freedom which only the great creative genius or th e astonishing performer can achieve. Let’s look at the mechanics of blank verse. Blank verse is defined as unrhymed iambic pentameter.Iambic pentameter is a metrical pattern in poetry which consists of five iambic feet per line (Meyer 1617). In Freeing Shakespeare’s Voice Kristen Linklater states that â€Å"Rhythm takes language and adds an innermost drive that moves it, shakes it, and channels it† (92). She goes on to say that â€Å"A poet uses rhythm to shape language into dramatic peaks and valleys, and major clues to topography of any given scene in a Shakespeare play are to be found in its rhythmic dynamics† (92). Linklater also states that:The verse rhythm that reigns supreme in Shakespeare is iambic pentameter [which is] the basic rhythm of the English language . . . and by the end of the sixteenth century, the development of prosody had determined five to be the most satisfying number of iambic feet per line for English dramatic, or heroic, verse. † Furthermore, In Speak the Speech! Shakespeare’s Monologues Illuminated, authors Rhona Silverbush and Sami Plotkin explain that â€Å"Verse is an efficient and compelling means of communication.It enables the author to convey more layers of meaning in fewer words† and â€Å"Because verse is an elevated form of language, it elevates the dramatic experience† (246). Caesura is a pause within a line of poetry that contributes to the rhythm of the line (Meyer 1617). Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a sequence of words, usually at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable (Meyer 1615). And rhyme is defined as the repetition of identical or similar concluding syllables in different words, most often at the ends of lines (Meyer 1633).All of these elements are in the structure of a line and Shakespeare uses these elements in his writing. Therefore the structure of the line seems to hold the key to the intended cadence. Rhythm is w hat makes poetry and music flow. It is what makes a speech memorable. And if used correctly it signifies the importance of what is being said. It is a subtle way of getting a point across and accentuating what the speaker or author wants you to hear. The way a line is read can change the impression made on the audience as much as the words that they hear.In an article entitled â€Å"The sound of Your Stories† Philip Martin states that â€Å"Cadence in literary terms is the rhythm or metre of a stream of words, how the flowing phrases sound on the ear. It is derived from the Latin, â€Å"to fall† – the rise and fall of the poetic beat or the inflection of the human voice†. Similarly, in an article written by Dennis Jackson, it is said that â€Å"Signaling significance, cadence authenticates your voice†. Furthermore Jackson states that â€Å"A cadence is a pause that meaningfully punctuates the flow of music.Similarly, in our writing, cadences are s tress points, moments where syntax and substance team up to convey special meaning†. He then goes on to say that â€Å"Cadences are the drumbeats that sound through our prose signaling significance to readers, telling them how the writing is to be read†. He uses Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech to illustrate how cadence can affect the way we hear or read words. He mentions rhetorical techniques that King uses such as grammatical parallelism, repetition, and manipulation of sentence lengths â€Å"to achieve rhythm and affect cadences that underscore his main points† (Jackson).In Simply Shakespeare, Widdicombe mentions that â€Å"if pace doesn’t change monotony sets in† (171). He looks at Hamlet and proposes â€Å"can he [Shakespeare] hold an audience’s attention for more than four hours and almost 4000 lines? The answer is a resounding â€Å"?yes’† (172). One of the reasons given for Shake speare being able to successfully keep the audience’s attention is the way â€Å"Shakespeare applies his stagecraft to the play’s pacing† (172). Another important aspect of cadence is brought to light by Jackson G. Barry.In an article entitled â€Å"Shakespeare’s ‘Deceptive Cadence’: A Study in the structure of Hamlet,† Barry â€Å"puts forth the concept of deceptive cadence, which is a musical term associated with classical music in which the generally assumed and thus logical conclusion given by the chord progression is broken and replaced with some other, not as fitting or perfect, chord†. According to Barry â€Å"this deceptive cadence can be found throughout Hamlet, but becomes especially prevalent during the third act, in which Hamlet kills Polonius†.The idea is that the â€Å"deceptive cadence† used in Hamlet â€Å"serves to prolong and extend the play into the full five act form† and â€Å"without t he use of this deceptive cadence, Hamlet would have been able to move forward with his plans for vengeance and would have had nothing to mark or scar his own conscience† (Barry). He states that â€Å"until this point the play had been building with steady momentum but this tragic turn of events breaks up the standard and logical progression of the play and thus diverts Hamlet from his true task and goals†.Without this â€Å"deceptive cadence† Barry states that â€Å"the true element of tragedy would have been lost, and with it a great deal of substance from the piece†. So now we have the idea of â€Å"deceptive cadence† to contend with. The way a story slows down or changes direction therefore can also affect the meaning of a work. Shakespeare adds a great deal to the play by using this â€Å"deceptive cadence† in Hamlet in order to change the mood and add to the tragedy of the story. â€Å"Round and around, like creatures gone slightly mad, the students march to a slow, rhythmic chant.Their eerie cadence rises to the upper rows of the gloomy concrete theater, its effect both lyrical and unnerving† (Jones). Tone and emotion are portrayed through cadence. Shakespeare’s words are well known by many people. Even those who have not read or seen his work can recognize, or even recite, a Shakespearean quote. His use of the English language is certainly beautiful. He paints a picture for the audience with his words and manipulates the language in order to achieve the desired effect. Shakespeare manages to portray the effect of every human emotion.According to Ralph Waldo Emerson â€Å"reading for the sense will best bring out the rhythm† he states that Shakespeare’s secret is â€Å"that the thought constructs the tune. † The process of understanding and performing Shakespeare is a task attained on many levels. Not only must one consider the â€Å"mechanics† but also the thought process behind the author’s intentions. Poetic form is a complicated work of art that can not be approached without understanding the importance of cadence. The voice makes all the difference. Once you have heard how the lines are supposed to be delivered, it is much easier to appreciate and understand Shakespeare.